Early Detection of Escherichia coli Producing Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) in Cattle Farm Waste from Urban Jakarta
Abstract
This study examined the presence of Escherichia coli resistant to third-generation cephalosporins in cattle manure originating from an urban farming area in South Jakarta. The study aimed to detect presumptive extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli using total plate count analysis, selective culture, Gram staining, and biochemical identification. Urine and fecal waste samples were collected from a cattle farm located in close proximity to residential settlements. Samples were cultured on MacConkey Agar supplemented with cefotaxime, followed by Gram staining and IMViC biochemical tests. All isolates showed lactose-fermenting colonies with pink to red coloration on MacConkey Agar, Gram-negative rod morphology, and biochemical characteristics consistent with E. coli (Indole positive, Methyl Red positive, Voges–Proskauer negative, Citrate negative). Total bacterial counts reached approximately 10³ colony-forming units per milliliter, with fecal samples exhibiting higher bacterial loads than urine samples. Bacterial growth on cefotaxime-supplemented media indicated phenotypic resistance to third-generation cephalosporins, suggesting the presence of presumptive ESBL-producing strains. These findings demonstrate that urban cattle manure may serve as a reservoir of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and highlight the need for confirmatory ESBL testing, strengthened antimicrobial resistance surveillance, and the implementation of integrated One Health strategies to mitigate environmental and public health risks.
Keywords – Antimicrobial Resistance; Cattle Farm Waste; Cephalosporin Resistance; Escherichia Coli; Urban Livestock.
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Bush K, Fisher JF. Epidemiological expansion, structural studies, and clinical challenges of new β-lactamases from Gram-negative bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2011; 65:455–478. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-090110-102911
World Health Organization. Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance. Geneva: WHO; 2021.
Pinto Ferreira J, Staerk K, Antunes P, et al. Drivers, dynamics and epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in livestock and food chains. Rev Sci Tech. 2022;41(1):145–160.
Durso LM, Miller DN, Wienhold BJ. Distribution and quantification of antibiotic resistant genes and bacteria across agricultural and non-agricultural metagenomes. PLoS One. 2010;5(11): e15278. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048325
World Health Organization. Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance. Geneva: WHO; 2017.
Rinca KF, Sumiarto B, Artama WT. Detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in cattle in Badung, Bali. J Vet. 2016;17(3):345–352.
Solikhah TI. Detection of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in broiler chickens in Surabaya. Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan. 2020;14(2):85–91.
Widianingsih R. Antimicrobial resistance risk in urban areas of Indonesia. Kesmas Natl Public Health J. 2018;12(4):189–195.
Ochei J, Kolhatkar A. Medical laboratory science: theory and practice. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill; 2000.
Hartati S. Microbiological sampling and transportation techniques. Indones J Med Lab Sci. 2016;8(1):45–52.
Jacob ME, Fox JT, Narayanan SK, et al. Evaluation of selective media for detection of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae. J Clin Microbiol. 2020;58(4):e01764-19.
Isenberg HD. Clinical microbiology procedures handbook. Washington DC: ASM Press; 1998.
Parmawati A, Nirwana A. Identification of Escherichia coli using IMViC biochemical tests. J Mikrobiol Indones. 2024;19(1):22–28.
Sukmawati D, Hardianti R. Statistical analysis in microbiological experiments. J Biostat Indones. 2018;9(2):101–108.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 30th ed. CLSI supplement M100. Wayne (PA): CLSI; 2020.
Marshall BM, Levy SB. Food animals and antimicrobials: impacts on human health. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2011;24(4):718–733. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00002-11
Economou V, Gousia P. Agriculture and food animals as a source of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Infect Drug Resist. 2015; 8:49–61. https://doi.org/10.2147/idr.s55778
Partridge SR, Kwong SM, Firth N, Jensen SO. Mobile genetic elements associated with antimicrobial resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2018;31(4): e00088-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00088-17
Woolhouse M, Ward M, van Bunnik B, Farrar J. Antimicrobial resistance in humans, livestock and the wider environment. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2015;370(1670):20140083. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0083
Smalla K, Cook K, Djordjevic SP, Klümper U, Gillings M. Environmental dimensions of antibiotic resistance. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2015;91(3): fiv004. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiy195
Heuer H, Smalla K. Plasmids foster diversification and adaptation of bacterial populations. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2012;36(6):1083–1104. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00337.x
Widodo A, Khairullah AR, Effendi MH, Moses IB, Agustin ALD. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli from poultry: a review. Vet World. 2024;17(9):2017–2027. doi:10.14202/vetworld.2024.2017-2027
Ewers C, Bethe A, Semmler T, Guenther S, Wieler LH. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing E. coli in livestock and companion animals. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18(7):646–655. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03850.x
Hasan B, Sandegren L, Melhus Å, et al. Antimicrobial resistance in E. coli from livestock and environment in Southeast Asia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69(9):2474–2481. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1812.120513
Dolejska M, Papagiannitsis CC. Plasmid-mediated resistance is going wild. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2018; 45:16–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plasmid.2018.09.010
Hernando-Amado S, Coque TM, Baquero F, Martínez JL. Defining and combating antibiotic resistance from One Health and Global Health perspectives. Nat Microbiol. 2019; 4:1432–1442. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-019-0503-9
Manaia CM, Macedo G, Fatta-Kassinos D, et al. Antibiotic resistance in wastewater treatment plants. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol. 2016;46(6):527–568. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-015-7202-0
Roca I, Akova M, Baquero F, et al. The global threat of antimicrobial resistance. New Microbes New Infect. 2015; 6:22–29.
Laxminarayan R, Duse A, Wattal C, et al. Antibiotic resistance—the need for global solutions. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13(12):1057–1098. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(13)70318-9
Puspandari N, Sunarno S, Febrianti T, et al. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli surveillance in the human, food chain, and environment sectors. One Health. 2021; 13:100331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100331
Riwu KHP, Effendi MH, Rantam FA, Khairullah AR, Kurniawan SC, Kurniawan A, et al. Molecular detection of blaTEM gene encoding extended-spectrum beta-lactamase in Escherichia coli isolated from deer feces in Indonesia. J Adv Vet Res. 2024;14(4):722–726
Woodford N, Fagan EJ, Ellington MJ. Multiplex PCR for rapid detection of genes encoding CTX-M enzymes. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;57(1):154–155. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dki412
Pitout JDD, Laupland KB. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008;8(3):159–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(08)70041-0
Lanza VF, Baquero F, Martínez JL, et al. In-depth resistome analysis by metagenomics. Microbiome. 2018; 6:11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-017-0387-y
Bengtsson-Palme J, Boulund F, Fick J, Kristiansson E, Larsson DGJ. Shotgun metagenomics reveals antibiotic resistance genes. Nat Commun. 2014; 5:5782. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00648
Cantón R, Coque TM. The CTX-M β-lactamase pandemic. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2006;9(5):466–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2006.08.011
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.36722/psn.v5i1.5236
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.