Pendekatan Soft dan Hard Power dalam Peacebuilding sebagai Resolusi Konflik antara Pemerintah Indonesia dan Organisasi Papua Merdeka (OPM)
Abstract
Organisasi Papua Merdeka (OPM) yang juga dikenal sebagai Kelompok Kriminal Bersenjata (KKB) adalah kelompok separatis bersenjata yang masih ada hingga saat ini. Keberadaannya mengancam keamanan di Indonesia, terutama di wilayah Papua. Setiap presiden dalam pemerintahannya memiliki berbagai cara untuk menghadapi OPM, baik melalui pendekatan lunak maupun keras. Sebelumnya, pemerintah Indonesia sering menggunakan pendekatan untuk menekan kelompok separatis ini, dan Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI) menjadi aktor utama yang terlibat langsung dalam setiap operasi di wilayah Papua. pendekatan keras saja kurang efektif dalam memberantas OPM. Disisi lain, pendekatan lunak dapat secara signifikan memperbaiki situasi konflik, di mana pendekatan ini berfokus pada pemberdayaan masyarakat—yang didukung oleh argumen terkait konsep pembangunan perdamaian (peacebuilding) dan keamanan manusia (human security) untuk dapat menciptakan perdamaian dalam jangka panjang. Mediasi merupakan salah satu upaya pemerintah untuk menghadapi OPM, yang harus diikuti dengan perbaikan akar konflik dan masalah keamanan, hak asasi manusia, serta isu-isu ekonomi dan sosial budaya masyarakat Papua secara merata. Pada akhirnya, kedua pendekatan memiliki kelebihan masing-masing. Tulisan ini menggunakan metodologi penelitian kualitatif, bersama dengan penelitian analisis deskriptif melalui tinjauan pustaka. Melalui keterlibatan militer, pendekatan ini memiliki kapasitas untuk menghentikan kekerasan atau konflik bersenjata yang sedang berlangsung. Serta ketika dipadukan dengan upaya untuk mendorong kerja sama dan harmonisasi melalui pendekatan lunak, menjadi penting dalam mengatasi masalah keamanan dan memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat Papua.
Kata Kunci:Soft Power, Hard Power, Peacebuilding, Keamanan Manusia, OPM
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