Bioremediasi Substrat Organik Limbah Greywater Cuci Piring Menggunakan Spirulina Platensis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36722/sst.v11i3.5822Keywords:
Biomass Productivity, Bioremediation, Domestic Wastewater, Phycoremediation, SpirulinaAbstract
Environmental pollution caused by domestic wastewater, particularly dishwashing greywater, poses a serious challenge to aquatic ecosystems due to its high organic load. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the cyanobacterium S. platensis in remediating organic pollutant loads while assessing its biomass productivity. A batch system cultivation was conducted for 7 days using waste-to-Spirulina platensis inoculum volume ratios of 1:1, 1:3, and 1:5, supplemented with 16 g/L NaHCO3 as a pH buffer and carbon source. Laboratory test results indicated that the 1:5 ratio on day 7 was the optimal condition for light penetration and microalgal growth. At this optimal ratio, S. platensis achieved a 75% removal of BOD (to 33.6 mg/L) and a 73% removal of COD (to 108 mg/L). Oil and grease concentrations decreased drastically by 87% to less than 1 mg/L. Phycoremediation of greywater at a 1:5 ratio effectively complied with the Domestic Wastewater Quality Standards (Permen LHK No. 68/2016) and reduced TSS to 28 mg/L. A sharp surge in biomass dry weight on day 7 (0.177 g/L) demonstrated that this process can effectively treat wastewater while opening opportunities to convert waste streams into economically valuable biomass within a circular economy framework.
References
[1] Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kesatuan Ekosistem (KLHK), “KOMPOSISI SAMPAH,” Sistem Informasi Pengelolaan Sampah Nasional (SIPSN). Accessed: Jan. 29, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://sampahnasional.kemenlh.go.id/.
[2] S. Nurul Khotimah, N. Anisa Mardhotillah, and N. Arifaini, “Karakterisasi Limbah Cair Greywater pada level Rumah Tangga Berdasarkan Sumber Emisi Greywater Characterization at Household Scale by Emission Source,” Jurnal Saintis, vol. 21, no. 2, 2021, doi: 10.25299/saintis2021.vol21(02).7876.
[3] I. Akbar and A. Silmi, “Pengolahan Limbah Minyak dan Lemak di Restoran Padang dengan Metode Fisik (Oil Grease Trap),” JURNAL TECHLINK, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 1–7, Oct. 2023, doi: 10.59134/jtnk.v5i2.518.
[4] Y. S. Ummah, I. R. Eri Wardoyo, and P. Hermiyanti, “Biofilter Aerob Media Kaldness dalam Menurunkan Kadar BOD, COD dan TSS Limbah Cair Rumah Makan,” GEMA LINGKUNGAN KESEHATAN, vol. 18, no. 1, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.36568/kesling.v18i1.1112.
[5] H. M. Pakpahan, S. Hasibuan, and S. Syafriadiman, “Penggunaan Pupuk Organik Cair Limbah Tahu dan Air Kelapa Terhadap Pertumbuhan Spirulina sp.,” Media Akuakultur, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 73–80, Jul. 2022, doi: 10.15578/ma.17.2.2022.73-80.
[6] A. Silkina, N. E. Ginnever, F. Fernandes, and C. Fuentes-Grünewald, “Large-Scale Waste Bio-Remediation Using Microalgae Cultivation as a Platform,” Energies (Basel)., vol. 12, no. 14, p. 2772, Jul. 2019, doi: 10.3390/en12142772.
[7] H. Hadiyanto, M. Christwardana, and C. da Costa, “Electrogenic and biomass production capabilities of a Microalgae–Microbial fuel cell (MMFC) system using tapioca wastewater and Spirulina platensis for COD reduction,” Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization and Environmental Effects, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 3409–3420, 2023, doi: 10.1080/15567036.2019.1668085.
[8] S. S. Joshi, M. Kothuri, and K. Jagdale, “Harnessing Spirulina platensis for Efficient Domestic Wastewater Treatment and Biomass Recovery,” in Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences, Springer, Singapore, 2026, pp. 173–181. doi: 10.1007/978-981-95-2030-5_13.
[9] Rempel et al., “Microalgae growth using treated domestic effluent added to emerging pollutants: Removal mechanism and generation of by products,” Journal of Water Process Engineering, vol. 55, Oct. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2023.104175.
[10] H. Meng, Y. Xia, and H. Chen, “Bioremediation of surface water co-contaminated with zinc (II) and linear alkylbenzene sulfonates by Spirulina platensis,” Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, vol. 47–48, pp. 152–155, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.pce.2011.06.003.
[11] H. Hadiyanto et al., “Microplastic removal in aquatic systems using extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of microalgae,” Sustainable Environment, vol. 11, no. 1, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.1080/27658511.2025.2454756.
[12] T.-Y. Wang, H.-C. Liu, and Y. Lee, “Use of Anthropic Acclimated Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira platensis) Bio-adsorption in the Treatment of Swine Farm Wastewater,” INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE & BIOLOGY Int. J. Agric. Biol, vol. 15, pp. 107–112, 2013, https://www.fspublishers.org/paper/253.
[13] R. Dineshkumar, R. Narendran, and P. Sampathkumar, “Cultivation of Spirulina platensis in different selective media,” Indian J. Geomarine. Sci., vol. 45, no. 12, pp. 1749–1754, 2016. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329782935_Cultivation_of_Spirulina_platensis_in_different_selective_media.
[14] A. Jabbar, A. V. Amalia, A. Haris, N. R. Dewi, F. Falasifah, and M. Abdullatif, “Potensi Spirulina platensis sebagai Agen Remediasi Air Limbah Laundry,” Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 1224–1231, Aug. 2024, doi: 10.14710/jil.22.5.1224-1231.
[15] R. K. Oruganti, K. Katam, P. L. Show, V. Gadhamshetty, V. K. K. Upadhyayula, and D. Bhattacharyya, “A comprehensive review on the use of algal-bacterial systems for wastewater treatment with emphasis on nutrient and micropollutant removal,” Bioengineered, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 10412–10453, Apr. 2022, doi: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2056823.
[16] R. Chavan and S. Mutnuri, “Tertiary treatment of domestic wastewater by Spirulina platensis integrated with microalgal biorefinery,” Biofuels, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 33–44, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.1080/17597269.2018.1461509.
[17] F. Hindarti and E. Ayuningtyas, “Pengembangan Teknik Kultivasi Spirulina sp. Sebagai Sumber Biomassa Energi Terbarukan dalam Fotobioreaktor Airlift,” Jurnal Energi dan Lingkungan (Enerlink), vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 17–24, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.29122/jel.v16i1.4578.
[18] Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia, Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia Nomor P.68/Menlhk-Setjen/2016 tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah Domestik. Jakarta, 2016. Accessed: Jan. 29, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://ppkl.menlhk.go.id/website/filebox/5/170314114854P.68%20BAKU%20MUTU%20LIMBAH%20DOMESTIK.pdf.
[19] S. Mukhopadhyay, A. Jana, S. Ghosh, S. Majumdar, and T. K. Ghosh, “Arthrospira sp. mediated bioremediation of gray water in ceramic membrane based photobioreactor: process optimization by response surface methodology,” Int. J. Phytoremediation, vol. 24, no. 13, pp. 1364–1375, Nov. 2022, doi: 10.1080/15226514.2022.2027865.
[20] D. S. de Souza, R. C. Valadão, A. L. Nascentes, L. D. B. da Silva, and H. Vieira de Mendonça, “Use of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis in cattle wastewater bioremediation,” Acta Scientiarum. Technology, vol. 44, p. e58806, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.4025/actascitechnol.v44i1.58806.
