Efektivitas Limbah Kulit Bawang Merah (Allium Cepa L. Var Bima Brebes) sebagai Karbon Aktif
Abstract
Shallot (Allium Cepa L. Var. Bima Brebes) skin is very abundant in Brebes. The cellulose content of shallot skin, with a value of 41-50%, has great potential to be processed into activated carbon. This study was conducted with the aim of analyzing activated carbon made from Brebes red onion skin with parameters of water content, ash content, volatile matter content, and pure carbon content. The method used was experimental, by conducting a carbonization process of red onion skin for 60 minutes and carrying out a carbon activation process using 3M phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) activator and analyzing the resulting activated carbon. The results indicated that the water content of activated carbon was 9.83%, ash content was 9.24%, volatile matter content was 22.32%, and pure carbon was 65.83%. Activated carbon has an adsorption capability that works well for methylene blue but not for iodine. Shallot skin is effective for use as activated carbon due to its adsorption capacity for methylene blue of 130.95 mg/g, enabling it to adsorb molecules with a size of approximately 1 nm.
Keywords - Activated Carbon, Pure Carbon, Shallot Skin.
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Y. D. El Rizal Unzilatirrizqi, “Energi Alterrnatif Biobriket dari Kombinasi Limbah Ampas Kopi dan Limbah Bawang Merah An Alternative Bio-Briquettes Energy Of Coffee Grounds And Onion Waste Combination,” Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, v. 16, no 2, 2022, doi: 10.31258/jil.16.2.p.
A. Bains, K. Sridhar, B. N. Singh, R. C. Kuhad, P. Chawla, and M. Sharma, “Valorization of onion peel waste: From trash to treasure,” Chemosphere, vol. 343, p. 140178, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140178.
S. Chadorshabi, S. Hallaj-Nezhadi, and Z. Ghasempour, “Red onion skin active ingredients, extraction and biological properties for functional food applications,” Aug. 30, 2022, Elsevier Ltd. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132737.
M. T. Munir, H. Kheirkhah, S. Baroutian, S. Y. Quek, and B. R. Young, “Subcritical water extraction of bioactive compounds from waste onion skin,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 183, pp. 487–494, May 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.166.
T. Senthilkumar et al., “Valorization of agricultural waste for activated carbons,” in Valorization of Wastes for Sustainable Development, Elsevier, 2023, pp. 309–332. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-323-95417-4.00012-3.
Shweta and G. Kaur, “A sustainable synthesis, characterization of modified waste onion peels and its exploration in various applications,” E3S Web of Conferences, vol. 552, p. 01077, Jul. 2024, doi: 10.1051/e3sconf/202455201077.
Y. El and R. U. Dewantoro, “Fantastic Food Waste: Pengolahan Limbah Menjadi Kompos Dan Pengolahan Limbah Menjadi Biobriket,” vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 60–64, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.51903/community.v2i3.241.
U. Tyagi, N. Anand, and A. K. Jain, “Valorization of Agricultural Waste Biomass Via Effective Pretreatment for Biorefinery Aspects,” In book: Biomass-based Clean Technologies for Sustainable Development, 2024, pp. 29–49. doi: 10.1007/978-981-97-0847-5_2.
S. Velusamy, A. Subbaiyan, S. Kandasamy, M. Shanmugamoorthi, and P. Thirumoorthy, “Combustion characteristics of biomass fuel briquettes from onion peels and tamarind shells,” Arch. Environ. Occup. Health, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 251–262, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.1080/19338244.2021.1936437.
Y. El, R. Unzilatirrizqi, S. Mutmainah, and A. K. Kurniawan, “Flavonoid content analysis of brebes red onion skin waste flour as a low-cholesterol duck fodder mixture,” International Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 2022. [Online]. Vol. 11, no 2, Available: www.ijobas.pelnus.ac.id.
W. Kuncoro, I. Qiram, and G. Rubiono, “Analisis Performa Karbon Aktif Kulit Bawang Merah (Allium Cepa Skin) Terhadap Perubahan Karakteristik Limbah Air Accu,” Jurnal Rekayasa Mesin, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 179–188, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.21776/ub.jrm.2022.013.01.18
Z. Muzhahir, Y. E. R. Unzilatirrizqi, and M. Fera, “Analisa Proksimat Ekstrak Limbah Kulit Kedua Bawang Merah (Allium Cepa L.),” Journal of Food and Agricultural Product, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 114–123, Oct. 2023, doi: 10.32585/jfap.v3i2.4608.
A. O. Adeola, K. O. Oyedotun, N. J. Waleng, B. B. Mamba, and P. N. Nomngongo, “Onion skin–derived sorbent for the sequestration of methylparaben in contaminated aqueous medium,” Biomass Convers. Biorefin., vol. 14, no. 18, pp. 22909–22920, Sep. 2024, doi: 10.1007/s13399-023-04332-4.
M. D. Mehare, A. D. Deshmukh, and S. J. Dhoble, “Preparation of porous agro-waste-derived carbon from onion peel for supercapacitor application,” J. Mater. Sci., vol. 55, no. 10, pp. 4213–4224, Apr. 2020, doi: 10.1007/s10853-019-04236-7.
F. A. Kwarteng, M. A. Hassan, H. Ohashi, and A. S. G. Khalil, “Textile Wastewater Treatment Using Activated Graphene-Like Biochar Derived from Onion Peel Biomass,” Advences in Science and Technology, Sep. 2024, pp. 3–11. doi: 10.4028/p-LxmzT1.
D. W. Kurniawidi, S. Alaa, and S. Rahayu, “Implementasi Teknologi Filtrasi Air Dengan Komposit Dari Karbon Aktif Dan Calsium Oxide Untuk Meningkatkan Kualitas Air,” Jurnal Masyarakat Mandiri, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 880–887, 2020, doi: 10.31764/jmm.v4i5.3047.
M. Soleimani and T. Kaghazchi, “Agricultural Waste Conversion to Activated Carbon by Chemical Activation with Phosphoric Acid,” Chem. Eng. Technol., vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 649–654, May 2007, doi: 10.1002/ceat.200600325.
G. Zhang, B. Lei, S. Chen, H. Xie, and G. Zhou, “Activated carbon adsorbents with micro-mesoporous structure derived from waste biomass by stepwise activation for toluene removal from air,” J. Environ. Chem. Eng., vol. 9, no. 4, p. 105387, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2021.105387.
S. Khruengsai et al., “Chemical characterization of activated carbon derived from Napier grass, rubber wood, bamboo, and hemp,” International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 1115–1124, Nov. 2024, doi: 10.61435/ijred.2024.60502.
M. Iwanow, T. Gärtner, V. Sieber, and B. König, “Activated carbon as catalyst support: precursors, preparation, modification and characterization,” Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol. 16, pp. 1188–1202, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.3762/bjoc.16.104.
H. Hitijahubessy, “Analysis Of Quality Of Activated Carbon (Myristica Fragrans) Shell As Adsorptive Agent,” RUMPHIUS Pattimura Biological Journal, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 038–041, Sep. 2019, doi: 10.30598/rumphiusv1i2p038-041.
M. Saleem, “Production and evaluation of activated carbon from Saudi Arabian Acacia Tortilis tree bark by microwave and low temperature activation process,” Yanbu Journal of Engineering and Science, vol. 20, no. 2, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.53370/001c.88782.
M. I. Yusufu, “Production and characterization of activated carbon from selected local raw materials,” African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry, vol. 6, no. 9, May 2012, doi: 10.5897/AJPAC12.022.
L. Daniel, A. Rahman, H. M. Ndakola, P. Kapolo, and S. B. Jonnalagadda, “Preparation and Characterisation of Activated Carbon Derived from Acacia erioloba Seed Pods by Chemical Activation with Phosphoric Acid,” Feb. 23, 2023. doi: 10.20944/preprints202302.0409.v1.
S. Maulina and M. Iriansyah, “Characteristics of activated carbon resulted from pyrolysis of the oil palm fronds powder,” IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 309, p. 012072, Feb. 2018, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/309/1/012072.
D. Alimah, “Sifat Dan Mutu Arang Aktif Dari Tempurung Biji Mete (Anacardium occidentale L.),” Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 123–133, Jul. 2017, doi: 10.20886/jphh.2017.35.2.123-133.
D. Hendra, R. E. Pangersa Gusti, and S. Komarayati, “Pemanfaatan Limbah Tempurung Kemiri Sunan (Aleuriteus Trisperma) Sebagai Bahan Baku Pada Pembuatan Arang Aktif,” Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 271–282, Dec. 2014, doi: 10.20886/jphh.v32i4.608.271-282.
D. Das, D. P. Samal, and M. BC, “Preparation of Activated Carbon from Green Coconut Shell and its Characterization,” Journal of Chemical Engineering & Process Technology, vol. 06, no. 05, 2015, doi: 10.4172/2157-7048.1000248.
Qanytah, K. Syamsu, F. Fahma, and dan G. Pari, “Characterization of ball-milled bamboo-based activated carbon treated with KMnO4 and KOH as activating agents,” Bioresources, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 8303–8322, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.15376/biores.15.4.8303-8322.
M. Kaya, Ö. Şahin, and C. Saka, “Preparation and TG/DTG, FT-IR, SEM, BET Surface Area, Iodine Number and Methylene Blue Number Analysis of Activated Carbon from Pistachio Shells by Chemical Activation,” International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering, vol. 16, no. 2, Feb. 2018, doi: 10.1515/ijcre-2017-0060.
A. Özhan, Ö. Şahin, M. M. Küçük, and C. Saka, “Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from pine cone by microwave-induced ZnCl2 activation and its effects on the adsorption of methylene blue,” Cellulose, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 2457–2467, Aug. 2014, doi: 10.1007/s10570-014-0299-y.
X. Yu, Z. Han, S. Fang, C. Chang, and X. Han, “Optimized Preparation of High Value-Added Activated Carbon and Its Adsorption Properties for Methylene Blue,” International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering, vol. 17, no. 8, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.1515/ijcre-2018-0267.
C.-A. M. Lorena et al., “Use of Modified Activated Carbon in Groundwater Remediation for Human Consumption,” Water (Basel)., vol. 17, no. 2, p. 207, Jan. 2025, doi: 10.3390/w17020207.
K. Aliya, H.-S. Cho, I. F. Olawuyi, J.-H. Park, J.-O. Nam, and W.-Y. Lee, “Macroporous Resin Recovery of Antioxidant Polyphenol Compounds from Red Onion (Allium cepa L.) Peel,” Antioxidants, vol. 14, no. 2, p. 145, Jan. 2025, doi: 10.3390/antiox14020145.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.36722/sst.v11i2.5533
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
LP2M (Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengembangan Masyarakat)
Universitas AL-AZHAR INDONESIA, Lt.2 Ruang 207
Kompleks Masjid Agung Al Azhar
Jl. Sisingamangaraja, Kebayoran Baru
Jakarta Selatan 12110
This work is licensed under CC BY 4.0
