Mengapa Reformasi Dewan Keamanan PBB Sulit Dilakukan? Telaah Realisme Pada Kasus Perang Rusia-Ukraina
Abstract
Konflik internasional, terutama perang Rusia-Ukraina, telah menjadi fokus perhatian dunia dan menimbulkan pertanyaan tentang peran Dewan Keamanan PBB dalam menjaga perdamaian dan keamanan internasional. Dewan Keamanan PBB, dengan lima anggota tetap yang memiliki hak veto, dihadapkan pada kritik terkait penggunaan hak istimewa ini, yang dianggap membatasi kemampuan Dewan untuk bertindak secara efektif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami mengapa upaya reformasi Dewan Keamanan PBB selalu gagal untuk direalisasikan, terutama dalam konteks konflik Rusia-Ukraina. Artikel ini menggunakan Metode Penelitian Kualitatif Deskriptif dengan sumber data sekunder yang berasal dari penelitian terdahulu, dokumen resmi, serta berita. Menggunakan paradigma neorealisme, artikel ini mencoba untuk memahami perilaku negara-negara anggota tetap Dewan Keamanan. Dalam perspektif neorealis, kekuasaan negara-bangsa dan kepentingan nasional dianggap sebagai faktor utama dalam hubungan internasional. Neorealisme Waltz dalam hal ini diintegrasikan untuk memberikan pemahaman struktural terhadap dinamika internasional yang membentuk perilaku negara. Kajian realisme dalam artikel ini menemukan bahwa tidak terealisasikannya reformasi DK PBB disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor, yakni (1) perbedaan pendapat anggota tetap tentang arah reformasi, (2) keengganan anggota tetap untuk melepaskan status hak istimewa (3) hambatan struktural dalam Piagam PBB, serta (4) inkonsistensi dukungan negara non-anggota ketika dihadapkan pada kepentingan politik.
Kata kunci: Hak Veto; Perang Rusia-Ukraina; Realisme; Reformasi Dewan Keamanan PBB.
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Al Jazeera. (2023, 4 September). Erdogan visits Putin in Russia’s Sochi in bid to revive Ukraine grain deal. Retrieved 30 January 2024 from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/4/erdogan-visits-putin-in-russias-sochi-in-bid-to-revive-ukraine-grain-deal.
Al Shraideh, S. (2017). The Security Council's Veto in the Balance. JL Pol'y & Globalization, 58, 135.
Aoyama, R. (2023). Stability and Fragility in Japan-China Relations. China Review, 23(1), 187-211.
Aral, B. (2019). The world is bigger than five. Insight Turkey, 21(4), 71-96.
Azzara, H. N., & Sholeh, B. (2022). A conflict between China and Taiwan: An analysis from a realism perspective. Journal of Social Studies (JSS), 18(2), 229-36.
Beck, P. J. (1994). The League of Nations and the Great Powers, 1936-1940. World Affs., 157, 175.
Biskultanova, A. M., Zharbolova, A. Z., Akhatov, U. A., & Aueshova, B. T. (2021). The right of veto: International experience, problems and prospects of application. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 42(2), 391-396.
Bloomfield, A. (2021). The India–China bilateral relationship: a ‘serious and enduring rivalry’. Journal of the Indian Ocean Region, 17(1), 5-23.
Blum, Y. Z. (2005). Proposals for UN security council reform. American journal of international law, 99(3), 632-649.
Bryman, A. (2016). Social research methods. Oxford university press.
Chan, S. (2003). Power, satisfaction and popularity: a poisson analysis of UN Security Council Vetoes. Cooperation and Conflict, 38(4), 339-359.
Darmawan, A., Rakhmadi, R., & Atiqasani, G. (2023). The Impact of the Russia and Ukraine War on Indonesian Economic and Trade Performance. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Studi Pembangunan, 15(1), 36-49.
Gifkins, J. (2021). Beyond the veto: Roles in UN Security Council decision-making. Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations, 27(1), 1-24.
Grieco, J., Ikenberry, G. J., & Mastanduno, M. (2022). Introduction to international relations: Perspectives, connections and enduring questions. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Hosli, M. O., & Dörfler, T. (2019). Why is change so slow? Assessing prospects for United Nations Security Council reform. Journal of Economic Policy Reform, 22(1), 35-50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17487870.2017.1305903.
Kompas. (2020, January 31). Hak veto PBB: Definisi, Sejarah, Dan Perdebatannya. KOMPAS.com. https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2020/01/31/213000169/hak-veto-pbb-definisi-sejarah-dan-perdebatannya?page=all.
Kompas. (2022, March 11). Sejarah Hak veto, Negara Pemilik Hak veto, Dan Bisakah Dihapus? KOMPAS.com. https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2022/03/12/063000165/sejarah-hak-veto-negara-pemilik-hak-veto-dan-bisakah-dihapus-?page=all.
Monteleone, C. (2015). Coalition building in the UN Security Council. International Relations, 29(1), 45-68.
Morphet, S. (1990). Resolutions and vetoes in the UN Security Council: their relevance and significance. Review of international studies, 16(4), 341-359.
Obama, B. (2010, 8 November). Remarks by the President to the Joint Session of the Indian Parliament in New Delhi, India. The White House. Retrieved January 30, 2024. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2010/11/08/remarks-president-joint-session-indian-parliament-new-delhi-india.
Patrick, S., Mbete, S., Spektor, M., Guihong, Z., Novosseloff, A., Heusgen, C., ... & Dayal, A. (2023). UN Security Council Reform: What the World Thinks. Carniege Endowment for International Peace.
Republik Rakyat Tiongkok. (2005). China’s Position Paper on United Nations Reforms. Permanent Mission of the People’s Republic of China to the UN. Retrieved January 31, 2024, from http://un.china-mission.gov.cn/zgylhg/lhgzyygg/200506/t20050607_8354916.htm.
Reuters. (2022, 23 May). U.S. President U.S. President Biden supports Japan becoming permanent member of the U.N. Security Council. Retrieved January 30, 2023. https://www.reuters.com/world/us-president-biden-supports-japan-becoming-permanent-member-un-security-council-2022-05-23/.
Reuters. (2023, April 1). Ukraine furious over Russian UN Security Council presidency. Reuters. Retrieved June 11, 2023, from https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/zelenskiy-says-russian-un-security-council-presidency-is-absurd-2023-04-01/.
Security Council. (2022, February 25). Security Council Fails to Adopt Draft Resolution on Ending Ukraine Crisis, as Russian Federation Wields Veto | UN Press. UN Press. Retrieved June 11, 2023, from https://press.un.org/en/2022/sc14808.doc.htm
Tiara, D. T., & Mas' udi, S. Y. F. (2023). Diplomasi Indonesia dalam Konflik Rusia-Ukraina: Sebuah Kajian Tentang Soft-Power. Journal of Political Issues, 4(2), 74-88.
United Nations. (n.d.). United Nations Charter (full text) | United Nations. the United Nations. Retrieved June 11, 2023, from https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/full-text.
Waltz, I. N. (2010). Theory of international politics. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press
Wardhana, A. (2018). Grand Strategy Obama: Pivot to Asia. Global & Strategis, (1), 70-74.
Widagdo, S. (2007). Dasar Pengaturan Prinsip Persamaan Kedaulatan dan Hak Veto dalam Pengambilan Keputusan di Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa Bangsa, Jurnal Fakultas Hukum Universitas Brawijaya, Malang.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.36722/jaiss.v5i2.2601
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
LP2M (Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengembangan Masyarakat)
Universitas AL-AZHAR INDONESIA, Lt.2 Ruang 207
Kompleks Masjid Agung Al Azhar
Jl. Sisingamangaraja, Kebayoran Baru
Jakarta Selatan 12110